Objective: The aim of the present study is to assess the relation of the polysemic process of a Persian SIMPLE VERB with cognitive factors. The present article evaluates the hypothesis holding that polysemy as a linguistic process in which a VERBal element (here, a SIMPLE VERB) takes diverse meanings, is not an accidental process, but is based on cognitive abilities, and methodological differences affect the semantic assessment of words. Method: This research can be considered as a theoretical study regarding its aim, and as a descriptive (non-experimental) and causal-comparative study regarding data collection. The samples of the study were randomly chosen from among classical and modern literature as well as colloquial language.Results: A characteristic of the present Persian language structure is having a very limited inventory (about 115 to 130) of SIMPLE VERBs while there are many such VERBs in languages such as French and English. Polysemy or in other words the presence of various meanings for a single VERBal element can appropriately compensate for this shortcoming. In this study the polysemy of the VERB “oftadan” is assessed based on concepts such as categorization, image schemas, prototypes and radial networks, which are central to cognitive linguistics.Conclusion: After assessing the samples, the hypothesis was approved and it was shown that humans’ physical and material experiences and tendencies influence their manner of conceptualization and understanding of polysemic VERBs. Also, it was revealed that the best function of prototype is in polysemy. Semantic relations in a word are graduated and not absolute.

Majales Sab'a is one of the important works of Jalaluddin Mowlavi, which consists of seven sermons. This type of prose is called rhetorical prose and inspires the highest thoughts through the SIMPLEst logical forms. It has been used by great people such as Khawja Abdullah Ansari, Abu Saeed, Abul Fatah Shahreshtani, Rozbehan Baghli, Baha Ould, Mowlavi, Shams Tabriz and Saadi. The most important feature of this type of prose is its closeness to the spoken language, which is sometimes mixed with literary prose; the simplicity of the prose and lack of embellishment are among its characteristics as well. Compound VERB is one of the most important grammatical topics and its correct usage makes the prose solid and well-founded. Considering this fact and the status of Majales Saba' and its linguistic features, the present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, explores the usage of compound VERBs in Jalal al-Din Mowlavi’s Majales Saba'. The use of VERBs in these texts helps us find the natural usage at that time and their precise grammatical analysis. In this research, we found that Rumi paid more attention to the use of SIMPLE VERBs, and in many cases, he used many SIMPLE VERBs from the same root or from different roots consecutively or with a short distance. Sometimes the SIMPLE and compound forms of a VERB are combined. Some compound VERBs are also affected by the existence of Arabic words in the structure of compound VERBs, and although they are used in SIMPLE form in Arabic, they have become compound VERBs in Farsi and Majales Sab'a. Saj’a (literally meaning musicality) also causes the usage of compound or SIMPLE VERB.

The compound VERB is a very controversial issue in Persian grammar. Grammarians have extensively discussed this topic and have presented different, and sometimes contradictory, opinions. Most of them have been confused in recognizing a compound VERB. Many examples considered to be compound VERBs are not in fact compound VERBs. For example, سوگند (oath) in سوگند خوردن (to take an oath) is an object, as in باز هم همان سوگند را خورد. ترش (sour) in ترش شدن (to become sour) is a subjective complement.

VERB is one of the main categories of Persian grammar being the subject of diverse discussions. Among these, the VERB construction is not the case of exception and we encounter frequent incongruences ideas in this area where the lack of scientific insight is clear. A glance at Persian textbooks grammar easily reveals this diversity and heterogeneous ideas. This complexity leads to the vague questions for Persian language learners by rendering its learning much difficult. This study aims to open new horizon to the study of VERB construction and description in Persian by adopting a critical point of view vis-à vis the basic definitions, representation and finally the criticism of grammarian thoughts in order to facilitate VERB construction teaching in Persian.

The present paper, using a translational approach, tries to study the application of VERBal forms of infinitives in Russian two-element SIMPLE sentences. In fact, it summarizes the ways such sentences are translated into Persian. Both infinitives and two-element SIMPLE sentences are widely used in Persian, but, unlike Russian infinitives, Persian infinitives have no VERBal forms and play different roles, e.g. a noun, in the sentence. This paper aims at studying the ways of conveying the meanings of VERBal forms of infinitives in Russian two-element SIMPLE sentences into Persian. The paper also analyzes the application of such VERBal forms in Russian two-element SIMPLE sentences in view of their translation into Persian.

The present article is concerned with the introduction and examination of VERBal refrains in the first three books of Masnavi. This detailed complete mystical Anthology is the most sublime example of mystical Persian poetry and has been the world’s inspiration for creation of many works in subsequent centuries.This article first introduces and exemplifies VERB and its main subdivisions and finally enlists variety of VERBs which have been appeared as refrains.

Katouli is regarded as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language that in addition to some differences in words, is different from Mazandarani to some extent in VERBal constructions such as continuous preterit construction and the infinitives used in past and present VERBs. In the present study, VERBal stem, personal ending and constructions, infinitive, subject and object adjectives as well as active and passive forms have been investigated in Katouli dialect. In this dialect, VERB is based on the past and present stems. The present VERB has indicative, subjunctive and continuous constructions, and the preterit VERB also has SIMPLE, continuous, progressive, present perfect, subjunctive and past perfect constructions. In Katouli dialect, the passive form also is not common as it exists in Persian language and the informants prefer using the active structure. The main characteristics of the VERB in Katouli dialect which is important in language studies include: lack of present perfect tense as it is common in Persian and using SIMPLE past instead of it, not using prefix in present indicative VERB construction, using the past stem of kœrd in past continuous construction and some other characteristics which are mentioned in this paper. Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Aliabad-e-Katul is a city of the Golestan Province located in the range of Hyrcanian forests and Alborz mountains, with the height of 140 m above the Caspian Sea level. This city is restricted to Turkmen plain from the north, Fenderesk from the east, Malek from the west and the mountains covered with Alborz forest from the south. Katuli, as a dialect of Mazandarani language is of great antiquity and many expressions, words and VERBs are still alive in this dialect. Despite the importance of Katuli as a dialect of Mazandarani language with high archaism, little is known about its different aspects of phonetics, morphophonemics and grammar. Therefore, considering the role of this dialect in preserving the old culture of Katul’s people, the study of VERB in Katuli dialect was conducted in the present study. 2. Theoretical framework New Iranian languages that appeared in different parts after Islamic conquest of Iran, are categorized as east, west, and central groups. The west Iranian languages and dialects are divided into two categories of northwest and southwest Iranian languages. The languages and dialects which are similar to the middle Persian and Parthian languages in historical changes, are located in southwest group and northwest groups, respectively. The Caspian language and dialects are categorized in northwest group, and include Mazandarani, Gilaki and Taleshi. The geographical range of Mazandarani language is not in accordance with the current border of Mazandaran Province in the country so that it is extended to the Gorgan plain in the east and continues to the Chalous River in the west. The interesting point is that Mazandarani language continues to around Gorgan, is stopped in Gorgan and the villages in its west parts and then is spoken in Aliabad-e-Katul and its villages. Therefore, Katuli could be considered as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language. In addition to some differences in words, the Katuli dialect is different from Mazandarani to some extent in VERBal constructions such as continuous preterit and the infinitives used in past and present VERBs. 3. Methodology In the present study, construction and some characteristics of VERB was investigated in Katuli dialect. The data were collected based on field and intuitive research. For this, interview was conducted with more than 30 speakers in the age groups of 25 to 80 years old (man and woman, educated and uneducated) from Aliabad-e-Katul and surrounding villages, and the information were recorded. Moreover, the available resources, including articles and books, about Mazandarani and its dialects, were also studied. 4. Results & discussion In Katuli dialect, past and present stem is derived from the old Iranian language and differentiated via especial phonetic processes. In this dialect, infinitive suffix are /-en/and /-an/ that added at the end of past stem. Personal endings used in present indicative and subjunctive are various based on present stem. Present continuous also derived from the new Persian and is constructed by present stem for auxiliary VERB of (dār) and present stem for main VERB with personal ending of present indicative. Like Persian, there is no personal ending for the third-person singular of past VERB in Katuli dialect. In a special case in first person of negative form for SIMPLE past of the VERB “going”, older people especially in rural places use the VERB “našīm” (the stem /-šī/) while the youngers use the VERB nōardēm (the stem /-ar/). The past continuous is also formed by past stem of the related VERB with the past form of the auxiliary VERB (kœrd). In Katuli, there is no past perfect form as it is usual in Persian, but instead, the speakers use SIMPLE past like informal Persian. The past subjunctive is also formed by object adjective of main VERB with present subjunctive of the auxiliary VERB (būdan). The present indicative for the auxiliary VERB (xāstan) with the present subjunctive of main VERB are used for future construction. In Katuli dialect, the passive form of the VERB is not common as it is in Persian, and speakers usually tend to use active VERB. However, passive structure could be used for different VERB tenses in this dialect but it is not common for past subjunctive. In the case of transitive and intransitive constructions, four cases could be considered: 1) inchoative VERB is the base and causative is derived from it, 2) both VERBs are not derived from each other but differentiated through auxiliary VERB, 3) the VERBal stems are different, 4) both VERBs have the same form. The enclitics of /-em/, /-i/, /-e/, /-im/, /-in/ and /-en/ are used for enclitic construction. [va-], [dar-] and [var-] are also the main and mostly used VERBal prefixes in this dialect. 5. Conclusions & suggestions In the present study, VERB construction and some VERBal attributes were investigated in Katuli as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language. In this dialect, both past and present stems are used in construction of all VERBal groups, have the same root. In Katuli dialect, SIMPLE past is used instead of past perfect in VERBal construction which could be distinguished through the application and emphasis. Unlike Persian, no prefix is used to present indicative construction in Katuli dialect. Another interesting point in Katuli dialect is that the speakers tend to use active form of the VERB. Overall, the results from this study indicates that Katuli has some differences with other dialects of Mazandarani in some aspects of VERB construction including infinitive suffix and past continuous. With respect to the limit number of Katuli speakers and increasing trend to the new Persian, Katuli is in threat of being forgotten like many other Iranian dialects. Therefore, such studies could be useful to preserve and maintain Iranian endangered dialects.

There are two types of VERB in the Persian language: SIMPLE VERBs and compound VERBs. The number of compound ones is much greater than the SIMPLE ones, being from typological point of view of significance. Compound VERBs usually consist of a noun/adVERB (e.g. eqdâm kardan 'to take measures', pas gereftan 'to take back/to recapture'). In Persian a VERB phrase may have the same structure, as it is seen in the phrases such as qazâ xordan 'to have food' and zud raftan 'to go early'.Compound VERBs are to be entered in dictionaries, however, VERB phrases are not regarded as Lexical entries, because they are formed according to general syntactic rules. In this article, the author endeavours to provide criteria to make distinction between these two categories.

VERB system and its construction are two of the most important issues in the grammar of Middle Iranian languages. Comparing the construction of VERBs in Middle Iranian languages and dialects reveals their relation with Old Iranian Languages. The aim of this research therefore is first to review the construction of VERBs in Bactrian as one of the Eastern Middle Iranian Languages and second to find out whether its construction is in accordance with other Iranian Languages. To achieve these goals, the editions of Bactrian Documents I and II by Professor Nicholas Sims-Williams have been used. The outcome of the research shows the relation of Bactrian with other Eastern Middle Iranian languages.